Assumptions

What is included?

General assumptions: 4-ounce beefsteak, including emissions from agriculture (meat production, fertilizer, farming machinery, etc. excluding cooking) and sales.

Material

Material is included.

Production

Production is included.

Distribution

Distribution is included.

Use

Use is not included.

End of life

End of life is not included.

  Carbon Footprint (CO2e)

We focus on carbon footprint (CO2e), the decisive factor affecting climate change. However, other dimensions should be taken in account before taking decisions, e.g. the water, the waste and the land footprint as well as the ethical perspective. Click here to learn more about CO2e.

Sources

  1. Eat Organic Quote: Food’s Carbon Footprint (2020) Food’s Carbon Footprint. URL: http://www.greeneatz.com/foods-carbon-footprint.html

  2. Brooks, M., Foster, C., Holmes, M., & Wiltshire, J. (2011). Does consuming seasonal foods benefit the environment? Insights from recent research. Nutrition Bulletin, 36(4), 449-453. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01932.x

  3. Berners-Lee, M. (2011). How bad are bananas?: the carbon footprint of everything. Greystone Books. ISBN: 1553658329, 9781553658320

  4. Berners-Lee, M. (2010). What's the carbon footprint of ... using a mobile phone? URL: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2010/jun/09/carbon-footprint-mobile-phone

  5. DeWeerdt, S. (2009). Is local food better?. World Watch Magazine, 22(3), 6-10. URL: http://www.geopathfinder.com/IsLocalFoodBetter.pdf

  6. Cranfield (2006). Impacts from the farm to the checkout are from Small World Consulting’s work for Booths supermarkets 2007–2009.

  7. Wakeland, W., Cholette, S., & Venkat, K. (2012). Food transportation issues and reducing carbon footprint. In Green technologies in food production and processing (pp. 211-236). Springer, Boston, MA. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_9

  8. Ketcham, C. (2017). Allan Savory's Holistic Management Theory Falls Short on Science. A critical look at the holistic managment and planned grazing theories of Allan Savory. The national magazine of the Sierra Club. URL: https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2017-2-march-april/feature/allan-savory-says-more-cows-land-will-reverse-climate-change

  9. Vermeulen, S. J., Campbell, B. M., & Ingram, J. S. (2012). Climate change and food systems. Annual review of environment and resources, 37. URL: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608

  10. Environmental Working Group (2011). Climate and Environmental Impacts. Lifecycle Assesments: Methodology & Results. URL:http://static.ewg.org/reports/2011/meateaters/pdf/methodology_ewg_meat_eaters_guide_to_health_and_climate_2011.pdf

  11. Ketcham, C. (2017). Allan Savory's Holistic Management Theory Falls Short on Science. A critical look at the holistic managment and planned grazing theories of Allan Savory. Sierra Magazine. URL: https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2017-2-march-april/feature/allan-savory-says-more-cows-land-will-reverse-climate-change

  12. Environmental Working Group 2011). Climate and Environmental Impacts. URL: https://www.ewg.org/meateatersguide/a-meat-eaters-guide-to-climate-change-health-what-you-eat-matters/climate-and-environmental-impacts/

  13. Environmental Working Group (2011). Climate and Environmental Impacts. URL: https://www.ewg.org/meateatersguide/a-meat-eaters-guide-to-climate-change-health-what-you-eat-matters/climate-and-environmental-impacts/

  14. Virtanen, Y., Kurppa, S., Saarinen, M., Katajajuuri, J. M., Usva, K., Mäenpää, I., ... & Nissinen, A. (2011). Carbon footprint of food–approaches from national input–output statistics and a LCA of a food portion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(16), 1849-1856. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.07.001